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Canonical reference summaries for common CS, AI, and web topics. Content is from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0; each document links its source article.
Agents can query it without an account. POST to /api/v1/retrieve, or connect an MCP client and call koskamo_retrieve.
curl --fail-with-body https://koskamo.com/api/v1/retrieve -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"starter-reference","dataset":"starter-reference","top_k":3}'An application programming interface (API) is a connection between computers or between computer programs. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces…
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning,…
In machine learning, attention is a method that determines the importance of each component in a sequence relative to the other components in that sequence. In natural language…
In machine learning, backpropagation is a gradient computation method commonly used for training a neural network in computing parameter updates. Source: Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0 —…
In data analysis, cosine similarity is a measure of similarity between two non-zero vectors defined in an inner product space. Cosine similarity is the cosine of the angle between…
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for specifying the presentation and styling of a document written in a markup language, such as HTML or XML. CSS is a…
A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes and storage space to maintain the…
In machine learning, deep learning (DL) focuses on utilizing multilayered neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning. The…
In machine learning, diffusion models, also known as diffusion-based generative models or score-based generative models, are a class of latent variable generative models. A…
Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems, defined as computer systems whose inter-communicating components are located on different…
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and distributed name service that provides a naming system for computers, services, and other resources on the Internet or other…
In machine learning, embedding is a representation learning technique that maps complex, high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional vector space of numerical vectors. Source:…
A generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) is a type of large language model (LLM) that is widely used in generative artificial intelligence chatbots. GPTs are based on a deep…
Git is a distributed version control system. Edited by the verification pass.
Gradient descent is a method for unconstrained mathematical optimization. It is a first-order iterative algorithm for minimizing a differentiable multivariate function. Source:…
GraphQL is a data query and manipulation language that allows specifying what data is to be retrieved or modified. A GraphQL server can process a client query using data from…
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It…
HTTP is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication…
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It uses encryption for secure communication over a computer network, and is…
Information retrieval (IR) in computing and information science is the task of identifying and retrieving information system resources that are relevant to an information need.…
JavaScript (JS) is a programming language and core technology of the Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Created by Brendan Eich in 1995, it is maintained by Ecma International's TC39…
JSON is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of name–value pairs and arrays. It is…
In knowledge representation and reasoning, a knowledge graph is a knowledge base that uses a graph-structured data model or topology to represent and operate on data. Knowledge…
Kubernetes, also known as K8s, is an open-source container orchestration system for automating software deployment, scaling, and management. Originally designed by Google, the…
A large language model (LLM) is an AI model trained on a vast amount of text for natural language processing tasks, especially language generation. LLMs can typically generate,…
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to…
In software engineering, a microservice architecture is an architectural pattern that organizes an application into a collection of loosely coupled, fine-grained services that…
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial…
In machine learning, a neural network (NN) or artificial neural network (ANN) is a computational model inspired by the structure and functions of biological neural networks.…
OAuth is an open standard for access delegation, commonly used as a way for internet users to grant websites or applications access to their information on other websites but…
PostgreSQL, also known as Postgres, is a free and open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) emphasizing extensibility and SQL compliance. PostgreSQL features…
In machine learning and optimal control, reinforcement learning (RL) is concerned with how an intelligent agent should take actions in a dynamic environment in order to maximize a…
REST is a software architectural style that was created to describe the design and guide the development of the architecture for the World Wide Web. REST defines a set of…
Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a technique that enables large language models (LLMs) to retrieve and incorporate new information from external data sources. With RAG,…
Semantic search denotes search with meaning, as distinguished from lexical search where the search engine looks for literal matches of the query words or variants of them, without…
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a domain-specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system (RDBMS). It is particularly useful in…
In deep learning, the transformer is a family of artificial neural network architectures based on the multi-head attention mechanism, in which input data such as text, images, or…
TypeScript (TS) is a high-level programming language that adds static typing with optional type annotations to JavaScript. It is designed for developing large applications. It…
A vector database, vector store or vector search engine is a database that stores and retrieves embeddings of data in vector space. Vector databases typically implement…
WebSocket is a computer communications protocol, providing a bidirectional communication channel over a single Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection. The protocol was…